Essentially there are two kinds of economics papers: empirical papers, which run data through a model (a series of mathematical equations); and theoretical papers, which begin with a model based on certain premises and then prove that certain outcomes will ensue. These two kinds of papers reflect what the discipline considers to be legitimate economics. You will not find qualitative studies, for instance, nor will you find papers without a mathematical model.
Both kinds of papers typically have abstracts and both are written in sections with subheadings. The format of sections and their content have become fairly standard over the years.
For empirical papers, the sections (with some variation here and there) include: Introduction; [Literature Review]; Data; Methodology/Model; Results; Conclusion.
For theoretical papers, there will be an Introduction and a section introducing the basic model. Then there will be usually lots of subsections and further sections discussing various scenarios that can be acted out as the basic model is extended. Theoretical papers have lots of math, and usually the proofs are put in an appendix.

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